Cholera

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The disease is characterised by severe, watery diarrhoea, which can lead to serious dehydration. The term cholera was already used in ancient Greece, and likely derived from the word ‘chole’ (bile) and ‘rhein’ (to flow). The cholera bacterium is a moving, curved rod that settles in the intestines.

Where does cholera occur?

Cholera can be found on almost all continents. Most cases occur in Africa, South Asia, South America, and the Gulf of Mexico. In the Netherlands, it is considered an 'imported disease,' brought by travellers returning from other countries. Over 90% of cases are reported in Africa.

What are the symptoms?

The incubation period after infection can vary from twelve hours to five days, but it usually lasts two to three days. The most common symptoms are:

• Sudden vomiting
• Watery diarrhoea (yellow-green, flocculent, nearly odourless)
• Dull or pressing pain in the abdomen (usually without cramps)
• Fever (rarely)

How can you prevent cholera?

If you are travelling to a risk area, we advise you to pay close attention to general hygiene measures. During your trip, it is best to drink only boiled or disinfected water, or bottled water. Food should ideally be consumed if it has been thoroughly cooked and served hot. Additionally, avoid ice, uncooked shellfish, and other raw foods, such as fruit and salads. In summary: ‘Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it.’ Please check our travel tips for more detailed information on hygiene, food, and water usage.

More information

Would you like to know more about cholera? Please visit the RIVM information page: Cholera | RIVM.