Human papillomavirus (HPV)

HPV stands for human papillomavirus. There are different types of human papillomaviruses. HPV is very common; almost everyone will contract it at least once in their lifetime. The virus can cause cervical cancer and genital warts, as well as cancers of the penis, anus, vulva, vagina, and in the mouth and throat. Vaccination against HPV is available. HPV can be transmitted through sexual contact.

Where does HPV occur?

The disease is highly contagious and occurs worldwide. Nearly everyone will get HPV at least once in their life.

What are the symptoms?

Often, you may not notice any symptoms of an HPV infection. In most cases, the body clears the infection within 1 to 2 years. If this does not happen, HPV may lead to (a preliminary stage of) various cancers after a few years. Symptoms can vary widely but may include:

• A burning sensation in the genital area
• Discharge
• Genital bleeding
• Pain or abnormalities in the cervix, penis, anus, or vulva

How can you prevent HPV?

Using condoms during sexual contact can reduce the risk of an HPV infection. However, this method does not provide 100% protection, just like with other sexually transmitted infections. There are various vaccines available against HPV. In the Netherlands, this vaccination is included in the National Immunisation Programme for all children. Since 2022, also for boys, as HPV can cause genital warts and several types of cancer in males as well. Additionally, individuals can choose to get vaccinated against HPV at their own expense. In the Netherlands, all women aged 30 to 60 are invited every five years for a smear test at their GP’s office to detect any early signs of cervical cancer.

More information

If you would like to learn more about Human papillomavirus (HPV), please check out the RIVM information page here: HPV | RIVM.