Rabies

Rabies, historically referred to as hydrophobia (fear of water), a, is a viral infection of the brain that leads to death. Therefore, it is crucial to prevent rabies. The virus is transmitted through the saliva of infected mammals, including dogs, cats, monkeys, and bats. Infected animals may not always show visible signs of illness; some carry the virus without appearing unwell. Signs of concern include aggressive or restless behaviour in animals. If you suspect you have been infected, it is important to seek immediate medical attention at an Accident and Emergency department or an Infectious Diseases unit in a hospital.

You can contract the virus through a bite or if an infected animal scratches or licks you. The virus enters the body through cuts in the skin or if the saliva comes into contact with the eyes, mouth, or nose (via the mucous membranes). Once the virus reaches the nervous system, rabies will develop, and there is no cure available. However, it is possible to prevent the virus from entering the nervous system.

Where is rabies found?

Rabies is present in many parts of the world. The World Health Organization monitors the countries where rabies occurs.

What are the symptoms?

The time between being exposed to the virus and feeling ill usually lasts between 20 and 90 days. Symptoms usually appear in this order:

Chills
Fever
Vomiting
Headache
Increasing muscle cramps
Seizures
Paralysis
Difficulty swallowing
Difficulty breathing

How to prevent rabies

Avoid contact with animals in areas where rabies is present. Do not touch dead or sick animals, especially with bare hands. When abroad, don't pet or feed animals, and ensure that young children do not touch animals.

Consider vaccination against rabies if there is a clear increased risk of exposure. This depends on the countries you visit, the duration of your stay, and specific circumstances (such as work or activities that increase the risk of contact with animals).

The rabies vaccination consists of a series of two injections on day 0 and day 7. This series provides partial protection against rabies. If you have (potentially) been in contact with the virus, you will need an additional two injections, which should ideally be given within 24 hours. Therefore, always seek medical assistance immediately after potential exposure.

Regardless of whether you have been vaccinated, the following advice is always important: If you are scratched or bitten by an animal in a country where rabies is present, see a doctor for further assessment as soon as possible.

For additional information, please also check our travel tips regarding animal bites.