Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is an infectious form of liver inflammation, also known as infectious hepatitis. The disease is caused by the hepatitis A virus. In children, the illness often goes unnoticed, while adults tend to become more ill. Vaccinations have been proven effective in preventing hepatitis A. The virus is transmitted through contaminated food, drinking water, or poor sanitation, but it can also spread through contaminated objects and hands. Sewage that flows into swimming water poses a direct risk of infection for swimmers. Shellfish, such as prawns, oysters, and mussels, can also be an indirect source of infection as they feed on organic matter. Other foods that can get contaminated from water or unwashed hands include raw vegetables, fruits, salads, and ice cream. Even water that looks clean can be unsafe.

Where is Hepatitis A found?

The disease is highly contagious and is prevalent in most (sub)tropical countries, including nearby places like Morocco, Turkey, and Egypt.

What are the symptoms?

The disease may also occur without clear symptoms, but it typically presents with noticeable signs. After exposure, it usually takes about 3 to 6 weeks for the first symptoms to appear:

• Malaise
• Fever
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Pain in the upper abdomen
• Diarrhoea
• Discoloured urine: dark brown colour
• Jaundice

How to prevent Hepatitis A?

You can prevent hepatitis A by getting vaccinated. The complete vaccination requires two injections. The first shot gives you protection for one year. The second shot, which should be given at least six months later, provides protection for at least 30 years. Be sure to get vaccinated before you travel to countries where hepatitis A is common.

More information

If you would like to learn more about Hepatitis A, please check out the RIVM information page here: Hepatitis A | RIVM.