STI - Syphilis

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are diseases caused by harmful bacteria or viruses. These infections are transmitted through unsafe sexual contact.

Syphilis is caused by a bacterium that is transmitted through unprotected sexual contact. This bacterium can lead to infections in nearly all organs and even the brain. The disease can be without symptoms, but symptoms usually develop over time and may become worse, depending on the stage of the infection. Syphilis can be effectively treated with antibiotics at all stages, but it is important to act quickly. If you experience any suspicious symptoms, suspect you may have been infected, or even if you have no symptoms, you should always consult a doctor or a sexual health clinic. There is no vaccine for syphilis.

Where does syphilis occur?

You can get syphilis anywhere in the world, so also in the Netherlands. The risk of infection is often higher when you are far from home and out of your daily routine. Therefore, good education and preventive measures are essential, especially when travelling.

What are the symptoms?

• Stage 1: A sore on the penis, around the vagina, anus, or mouth.
• Stage 2: A non-itchy rash on the torso, arms, legs, or bumps around the penis or vagina. You may also experience fever, a general feeling of lack of well-being, muscle pain, and hair loss. In some cases, the symptoms can be more severe, leading to liver and kidney dysfunction or nerve damage.

• Stage 3: After the second stage, the symptoms disappear. If syphilis is not treated, you could still become ill after several years. This can result in serious damage to the brain or heart.

How to prevent syphilis?

Unsafe sex always carries the risk of contracting an STI. If you have sex with individuals from other countries, the risk of getting other STIs may be greater than in the Netherlands. It is important to protect yourself and your sexual partners from STIs. You can do this by practising safe sexual contact, for example, by using condoms and avoiding risky sexual techniques. Be honest with your sexual partners and inform them if you have been diagnosed with an STI.

More information

Would you like to know more about syphilis? Please visit the RIVM information page: Syphilis | RIVM.