Zika virus

Zika virus infection is a disease caused by the Zika virus (ZIKV), which is transmitted by mosquitoes of the Aedes family. These are the same mosquitoes that spread diseases such as dengue and chikungunya. The mosquitoes become infected with the Zika virus when they bite infected monkeys or humans, and they then transmit the virus to others through their bites.

These mosquitoes are found in urban areas as well and are primarily active during the day (unlike malaria mosquitoes, which are active during the night).

ZIKV is not transmitted through social contact, handshakes, coughing, sneezing, toilets, food, or objects and surfaces. However, the Zika virus can sometimes be transmitted through sexual contact, although the likelihood of infection this way is considered very low. As the risk of Zika virus transmission through mosquito bites has significantly decreased, the chance of sexual transmission has also become much smaller.

In countries where the Zika virus is present, pregnant women can become infected. Although the risk of infection is low, the consequences for the baby can be severe. Research indicates that 6% of babies born to infected mothers may have congenital abnormalities, such as microcephaly. Therefore, travel to areas with current outbreaks of the virus is advised against for pregnant women. Areas without active outbreaks can be visited, provided that preventive measures against mosquito bites are strictly followed.

Where is Zika virus found?

The Zika virus is prevalent in large parts of Central and South America and the Caribbean, as well as in some countries in Southeast Asia and Africa. The risk of Zika virus infection in South and Central America and the Caribbean has significantly decreased and is now similar to regions in Africa and Asia where the virus has been common for years. The situation can change, so for the latest information, please refer to the RIVM information pages linked at the bottom of this page.

What are the symptoms?

The incubation period is not precisely known but is estimated to be between 3 and 12 days. Most people (75%) recover fully without serious problems. If a clear illness does develop, one or more of the following symptoms may occur:

• Sudden-onset fever
• Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the eyes)
• Headache
• Numbness
• Muscle pain
• Pain in the joints of the hands and feet
• Skin rash
• Pain behind the eyes
• Nausea and/or vomiting
• Diarrhoea

How to prevent Zika virus

Protect yourself against the Zika virus by applying mosquito prevention methods. Especially pregnant women should stick closely to these measures to protect their baby. DEET up to 30% can be used throughout the entire pregnancy, but it is best not to use more than necessary or for longer than needed. If you are planning to become pregnant, it is advisable to use condoms during sex with a partner who has been in a Zika-affected area, both during the trip and for two months after returning.

More information

If you would like to know more about the Zika virus, please visit the RIVM information page here: Zika virus | RIVM.